<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Telonemia</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telonemia"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/mediawiki.page.gallery.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Telonemia rootpage-Telonemia skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telonemia</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r183054365">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .Person{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output table.taxobox{background:white;border:1px solid #72777d;border-collapse:collapse;clear:right;float:right;margin:1em 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output table.taxobox>*>*>th{background:#9bcd9b;border:1px solid #72777d;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.taxobox.palaeobox>*>*>th{background:#e7dcc3}.mw-parser-output table.taxobox.parabox>*>*>th{background:#b9b9b9}.mw-parser-output table.taxobox>*>*>td.Person,.mw-parser-output table.taxobox>*>*>td.taxo-name,.mw-parser-output table.taxobox>*>*>td.taxo-bild,.mw-parser-output table.taxobox>*>*>td.taxo-zeit{text-align:center}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>
<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Telonemia
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><i>Telonema rivulare</i> per <a href="Interferenzreflexionsmikroskopie" title="Interferenzreflexionsmikroskopie">Interferenzreflexionsmikroskopie</a>. f: <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagella</a>, gr: <a href="Granula" title="Granula">Granulen</a>. Balken: 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>.
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><i><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Klassifikation</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Lebewesen" title="Lebewesen">Lebewesen</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Dom%C3%A4ne_(Biologie)" title="Domäne (Biologie)">Domäne</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> (Eukaryota)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="HTSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTSAR">HTSAR</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>ohne Rang:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie)">Supergruppe</a>:</i>
</td>
<td>Telonemia
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-name">Telonemia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="Person">Shalchian-Tabrizi 2006<sup id="cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalchian2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Telonemia</b> ist eine <a href="Klade" title="Klade">Klade</a> (Supergruppe) von <a href="Mikrobiell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrobiell">mikrobiellen</a> <a href="Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> (<a href="Mikroeukaryoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroeukaryoten">Mikroeukaryoten</a>, <a href="Protisten" title="Protisten">Protisten</a>). Sie wird meist im <a href="Rangstufe_(Biologie)" title="Rangstufe (Biologie)">taxonomischen Rang</a> eines <a href="Phylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum">Phylums</a>/<a href="Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie)">Stammes</a> gesehen, ihre Mitglieder werden informell auch Telonemiden (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">telonemids</span>) genannt.
Es handelt sich um <a href="Einzeller" title="Einzeller">einzellige</a>, frei lebende <a href="Flagellaten" title="Flagellaten">Flagellaten</a> (Geißeltierchen) mit einer ganz spezifischen Kombination von Zellstrukturen, darunter eine hochkomplexen <a href="Zytoskelett" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytoskelett">Zytoskelett</a>, das bei anderen Eukaryoten nicht zu finden ist.
</p><p>Das Phylum Telonemia ist <a href="Monotypisch" title="Monotypisch">monotypisch</a> und besteht aus einer einzigen <a href="Klasse_(Biologie)" title="Klasse (Biologie)">Klasse</a> <b>Telonemea</b>, diese aus einer <a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a> <b>Telonemida</b>, und einer <a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a> <b>Telonemidae</b>. Die Familie wird in mindestens drei <a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattungen</a> und eine Reihe von <a href="Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie)">Arten</a> unterteilt, dazu kommen zahlreiche unbeschriebene Kladen, die aus Umwelt-DNA identifiziert wurden (Stand Dezember 2025).
Sie kommen in allen <a href="Meer" title="Meer">Meeres</a>- und <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßwasser</a>umgebungen vor, wo sie <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> und kleines <a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a> jagen, indem sie diese in ihre Plasmamembran aufnehmen („fressen“), sog. <a href="Phagotrophie" title="Phagotrophie">Phagotrophie</a>.
</p><p>Telonemia hat jedoch einige seiner charakteristischen Merkmale mit einer verwandten Klade gemein, der sog. <a href="Sar_(Eukaryoten)" title="Sar (Eukaryoten)">SAR-Supergruppe</a> (<a href="Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile"><b>S</b>tramenopile</a>, <a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata"><b>A</b>lveolata</a> und <a href="Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria"><b>R</b>hizaria</a>). Zu diesen Merkmalen gehören kortikale (unter der <a href="Zellmembran" title="Zellmembran">Außenmembran</a> befindlichen) <a href="Alveolata#Merkmale" title="Alveolata">Alveolen</a>, kleine <a href="Vakuolen" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakuolen">Vakuolen</a>, die als Polster dienen, inneren Halt geben und dazu beitragen, die Form der Zelle aufrechtzuerhalten.
Darüber hinaus besitzen sie dreiteilige <a href="Mastigonema" title="Mastigonema">Mastigoneme</a>, komplexe Flimmerhaar-Strukturen an ihren peitsche artigen Flagellen, die zur Fortbewegung dienen.
Diese Strukturen verbessern ihre Schwimmfähigkeiten, indem sie den Widerstand gegen Wasser erhöhen.
Darüber hinaus sind die Telonemia mit <a href="Filopodien" class="mw-redirect" title="Filopodien">Filopodien</a> ausgestattet, sehr dünnen, fadenartigen Auswüchsen, die sich vom Zellkörper aus erstrecken. Diese Auswüchse können verschiedenen Zwecken dienen, beispielsweise zur Unterstützung der Fortbewegung oder zum Einfangen von Nahrungspartikeln, indem sie sich um diese wickeln.
Telonemia und SAR bilden zusammen die <a href="TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>-Klade.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphologie">Morphologie</h2></div>
<p>Das <a href="Phylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum">Phylum</a> Telonemia umfasst mikroskopisch kleine <a href="Einzellig" class="mw-redirect" title="Einzellig">einzellige</a> <a href="Eukaryoten" title="Eukaryoten">Eukaryoten</a> (<a href="Mikroeukaryoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroeukaryoten">Mikroeukaryoten</a> oder <a href="Protisten" title="Protisten">Protisten</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vogt2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogt2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Der Großteil der Vielfalt der Telonemia ist morphologisch nicht charakterisiert<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Mikrobielle_dunkle_Materie" title="Mikrobielle dunkle Materie">mikrobielle dunkle Materie</a>).
Die wenigen beschriebenen Arten sind frei lebende, räuberische, <a href="Phagotrophie" title="Phagotrophie">phagotrophe</a> <a href="Flagellaten" title="Flagellaten">Flagellaten</a>, die aus birnenförmigen Zellen mit zwei <a href="Flagellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellen">Geißeln</a> bestehen. Diese Zellen sind etwa 5–10 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> lang und 3–7 μm breit. Die beiden Geißeln sind unterschiedlich lang, wobei die kurze bis zu 12 μm und die lange bis zu 16 μm misst. Zwischen den Geißeln ragt eine kurze, „proboscisartige“ (<a href="R%C3%BCssel" title="Rüssel">rüsselartge</a>) Struktur hervor, die als Rostrum bezeichnet wird. Die <a href="Cristae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristae">Cristae</a> ihrer <a href="Mitochondrien" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrien">Mitochondrien</a> sind röhrenförmig. Die Zellen verfügen über ein einzigartiges, hochkomplexes mehrschichtiges <a href="Zytoskelett" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytoskelett">Zytoskelett</a>, das aus Schichten von Mikrofilamenten und <a href="Mikrotubuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrotubuli">Mikrotubuli</a> besteht und bei keinem anderen Eukaryoten zu finden ist.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sie weisen eine spezifische Kombination von Zellmerkmalen auf, von denen früher angenommen wurde, dass sie ausschließlich bei verschiedenen <a href="Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a>-Gruppen vorkommt, wie z. B. komplexe dreiteilige <a href="Mastigonema" title="Mastigonema">Mastigoneme</a> (wie bei <a href="Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopilen</a>), kortikale <a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">alveolenähnliche</a> Strukturen (wie bei den <a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>) und <a href="Filopodien" class="mw-redirect" title="Filopodien">Filopodien</a> (wie bei den <a href="Rhizarien" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizarien">Rhizarien</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trotz ihrer evolutionären Nähe zu den Stramenopilen und <a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolaten</a> (aus der Supergruppe SAR, bzw. veraltet Chromalveolata) fehlen ihnen deren <a href="Komplexe_Chloroplasten" class="mw-redirect" title="Komplexe Chloroplasten">komplexe Chloroplasten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalchian2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ökologie_und_Verbreitung"><span id=".C3.96kologie_und_Verbreitung"></span>Ökologie und Verbreitung</h2></div>
<p>Vertreter der Telonemia ernähren sich von einer Vielzahl von Organismen, insbesondere von <a href="Bakterien" title="Bakterien">Bakterien</a> und <a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a>, wenn dessen Größe zwischen dem <a href="Picoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Picoplankton">Pico-</a> und <a href="Nanoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoplankton">Nanoplankton</a> liegt. Sie sind weit verbreitet und kommen manchmal auch in großer Zahl vor – was darauf hindeutet, dass sie möglicherweise eine wichtige ökologische Rolle in aquatischen Ökosystemen spielen.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rund hundert Kladen von <a href="Umwelt-DNA" title="Umwelt-DNA">Umweltsequenzen</a> aus nicht offiziell beschriebenen Telonemia wurden an verschiedenen marinen <a href="Habitat" title="Habitat">Standorten</a> gefunden: die Meere der <a href="Arktis" title="Arktis">Arktis</a> und <a href="Antarktis" title="Antarktis">Antarktis</a>, der <a href="Indischer_Ozean" title="Indischer Ozean">Indische Ozean</a>, das <a href="Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer">Mittelmeer</a>, die <a href="Ostsee" title="Ostsee">Ostsee</a>, die <a href="Karasee" title="Karasee">Karasee</a>, das <a href="Marmarameer" title="Marmarameer">Marmarameer</a> und das <a href="Wei%C3%9Fes_Meer" title="Weißes Meer">Weiße Meer</a>. Sie wurden gefunden von der <a href="Tiefsee" title="Tiefsee">Tiefsee</a> bis zu <a href="S%C3%BC%C3%9Fwasser" title="Süßwasser">Süßgewässern</a> verschiedener Regionen (<a href="Norwegen" title="Norwegen">Norwegen</a>, <a href="Frankreich" title="Frankreich">Frankreich</a>, <a href="Finnland" title="Finnland">Finnland</a>, <a href="Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bråte2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bråte2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lefèvre2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lefèvre2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Mehrere Telonemia-Kladen bevorzugen offene Gewässer mit geringem Nährstoffgehalt, wie das <a href="Kanadabecken" title="Kanadabecken">Kanadabecken</a> und die Küste vor dem <a href="Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>, was darauf hindeutet, dass sie in Ökosystemen mit geringer Produktivität (d. h. <a href="Oligotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligotroph">oligotroph</a>) gedeihen können.<sup id="cite_ref-Thaler2025_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thaler2025-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forschungsgeschichte">Forschungsgeschichte</h2></div>
<p>Die erste Telonemia-Gattung und -Art, <i>Telonema subtile</i>, wurde 1913 von Karl Grießmann<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anhand von Rohkulturen der <a href="Gr%C3%BCnalgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grünalgen">Grünalgen</a>-Gattung <i><a href="Ulva" title="Ulva">Ulva</a></i> und von <a href="Rotalgen" title="Rotalgen">Rotalgen</a> beschrieben, die man vor der Küste von <a href="Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a> (<a href="Bretagne" title="Bretagne">Bretagne</a>) und <a href="Neapel" title="Neapel">Neapel</a> (<a href="Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a>) geprobt hatte.<sup id="cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grießmann1913-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Achtzig Jahre später, im Jahr 1993, schuf der amerikanische Protistologe <a href="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> die Familie Telonemidae, die Ordnung Telonemida und die Klasse Telonemea, um diesen Protisten aufzunehmen.
Allerdings wurde diese Gruppe ursprünglich zusammen mit anderen (wie man heute weiß nicht verwandten) Flagellaten-Gruppen – wie den Apusomonadida (alias Apusozoa), Jakobida, <a href="Cercomonadida" title="Cercomonadida">Cercomonadida</a>, <a href="Spongomonadida" title="Spongomonadida">Spongomonadida</a>, Kathablepharidacea, <a href="Ebriacea" title="Ebriacea">Ebriacea</a> und anderen in das heute veraltete Phylum Opalozoa eingeordnet.
In diesem Schema zeichnete sich die Klasse Telonemea durch zwei gleich langen hinteren <a href="Zilien" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilien">Zilien</a> (Isokont-Zilien) aus. Sie enthielt neben der Ordnung Telonemida eine weitere, Nephromycida (mit der <a href="Typusgattung" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusgattung">Typusgattung</a> <i>Nephromyces</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, die heute in die Klasse <a href="Aconoidasida" title="Aconoidasida">Aconoidasida</a> der <a href="Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a> klassifiziert werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Muñoz2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muñoz2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Jahr 2005 wurde eine zweite Art der Gattung <i>Telonema</i> beschrieben, die in den Oberflächengewässern des <a href="Oslofjord" title="Oslofjord">Oslofjords</a> gefundene Spezies <i>T. antarcticum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klaveness2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaveness2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Jahr 2006 wurde die Klasse Telonemea von den Protistologen Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi <i>er al.</i> auf der Grundlage phylogenetischer Analysen in einen neuen eukaryotischen <a href="Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie)">Stamm (Biologie)</a> (<a href="Phylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum">Phylum</a>) Telonemia ausgegliedert. Die Analysen hatten eine Nähe zu einigen Gruppen der damaligen <a href="Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> ergeben, darunter den Haptista und den Cryptista.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalchian2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Im Jahr 2015 lehnten jedoch Cavalier-Smith <i>et </i> die Einstufung als eigenständiger Stamm ab und ordneten die Klasse Telonemea dem Phylum Cryptista zu – und zwar in den jetzt veralteten Unterstamm (Subphylum) Corbihelia. Dieses Subphylum sollte auch andere Protisten mit einem <a href="Pharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharynx">Pharynxkorb</a> oder strahlenförmigen <a href="Axopodien" class="mw-redirect" title="Axopodien">Axopodien</a> einschließen (wie die Gattung <i><a href="Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i>, heute in das separate Phylum <a href="Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a> klassifiziert, eng mit Rotalgen verwandt<sup id="cite_ref-Schön2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schön2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), sowie die Gattung Microheliella (jetzt als Schwestergruppe von Cryptista vorgeschlagen<sup id="cite_ref-Yazaki2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yazaki2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Darüber hinaus überführten sie <i>T. antarcticum</i> aufgrund einer von ihnen festgestellten phylogenetischen Distanz zu <i>Telonema</i> (d. h. der Typusart <i>T. subtile</i>) in eine neue Gattung <i>Lateronema</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Ausgliederung wurde aber bisher nicht allgemein akzeptiert.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_Telonema_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI_Telonema-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Zahlreiche phylogenetische Analysen in den folgenden Jahren festigten dagegen die Position von Telonemia als Schwesterklade der SAR-Supergruppe, die zusammen die <a href="TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a>-Klade (<b>T</b>elonemia, <b>S</b>tramenopila, <b>A</b>lveolata und <b>R</b>hizaria) bilden,<sup id="cite_ref-Strassert2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strassert2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was auch Cavalier-Smith schließlich dazu veranlasste, Telonemia im Jahr 2022 als eigenständiges Phylum anzuerkennen.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier2022_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Im selben Jahr wurden fünf weitere <i>Telonema</i>-Arten und eine weitere Gattung, <i>Arpakorses</i>, von den Protistologen Denis Victorovich Tikhonenkov <i>et al.</i> beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mit Stand Dezember 2025 wird die Klade TSAR allgemein als Schwestergruppe der Haptista gesehen, mit der zusammen sie eine manchmal <a href="HTSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTSAR">HTSAR</a> genannte Klade bilden.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobala2024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valt2025_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valt2025-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Eine aus dieser HTSAR-Klade, den ebenfalls räuberischen <a href="Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a> und den <a href="Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a> (sowie der verwandten Spezies <i><a href="Meteora_sporadica" title="Meteora sporadica">Meteora sporadica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Eglit2024_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eglit2024-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) gebildete minimale Klade wird der Supergruppe <a href="Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> zugeordnet.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobala2024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valt2025_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valt2025-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Während einige Autoren die <a href="Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a> als Schwestergruppe der HTSAR sehen (gemeinsame Klade PHTSAR), die dann als Schwestergruppe der basaler stehenden <a href="Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a> gilt (gemeinsame Klade dann ggf. „HPHTSAR“ genannt),<sup id="cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobala2024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> legen nach dem Fund von der mit <i>M. sporadica</i> nahe verwandten Spezies <i><a href="Solarion_arienae" title="Solarion arienae">Solarion arienae</a></i> im Jahr 2025 die nachfolgenden Analysen von Marek Valt, Ivan Čepička <i>et al.</i> eine nähere Verwandtschaft der Provora mit der aus Hemimastigophora, <i>S. arienae</i> und <i>M. sporadica</i> gebildeten Klade <a href="Membrifera" title="Membrifera">Membrifera</a> nahe. Die gemeinsame Klade aus Provora und Membrifera wird von diesen Autoren dann als <a href="Disparia" title="Disparia">Disparia</a> (synonym Promethea<sup id="cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) bezeichnet; sie tritt dann als Schwesterklade von HTSAR auf.<sup id="cite_ref-Valt2025_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valt2025-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zusammen bilden sie die früher „HPHTSAR“ genannte (aber nun etwas ergänzte) Klade innerhalb Diaphoretickes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>
<p>Bis 2019 waren nur zwei Arten (beide von <i>Telonema</i>) offiziell beschrieben worden,<sup id="cite_ref-Strassert2019_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strassert2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> obwohl aus Meerwasser gewonnene <a href="DNA-Sequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-Sequenz">DNA-Sequenzen</a> (siehe <a href="Metagenomik" title="Metagenomik">Metagenomik</a>) noch auf viele weitere unbeschriebene Arten hindeuteten.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalchian2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalchian2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Im Jahr 2022 wurden fünf weitere <i>Telonema</i>-Arten sowie eine weitere neue Gattung (<i>Arpakorses</i>) beschrieben.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Im Jahr 2025 wurden drei weitere Arten und zwei Gattungen beschrieben, wodurch sich die Gesamtzahl der Arten auf rund zehn erhöhte.<sup id="cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mostazo2025_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mostazo2025-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Phylum <b>Telonemia</b> <small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .Person{font-variant:small-caps}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><span class="Person h-card">Shalchian-Tabrizi</span>, 2006</small><sup id="cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalchian2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Klasse <b>Telonemea</b> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a></span>, 1993</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<ul><li>Ordnung <b>Telonemida</b> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a></span>, 1993</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup>
<ul><li>Familie <b>Telonemidae</b> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a></span>, 1993</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup>
<ul><li>Gattung <i>Arpakorses</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Tikhonenkov & Karpov</span> 2022</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<ul><li>Spezies <i>Arpakorses idiomastiga</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Borodina, Karpov, Zagumyonnyi, Belyaev, Prokina & Tikhonenkov</span> 2022</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[Telonemida sp. DVTikhonenko-2022a<sup>(N)</sup>]</span></li>
<li>Spezies <i>Arpakorses versatilis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Borodina, Karpov, Zagumyonnyi, Belyaev, Prokina & Tikhonenkov</span> 2022</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[Telonemida sp. DVTikhonenko-2022b<sup>(N)</sup>]</span></li></ul></li>
<li>Gattung <i>Hyaliora</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Mostazo-Zapata, Gàlvez-Morante & Richter</span></small> 2025<sup id="cite_ref-Mostazo2025_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mostazo2025-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<ul><li>Spezies <i>Hyaliora molinica</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Mostazo-Zapata, Gàlvez-Morante & Richter</span> 2025</small> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[Telonemida gen. n. sp. m DR-2025<sup>(N)</sup>]</span></li>
<li>Spezies <i>Hyaliora</i> sp. strain BEAP0010<sup>(N)</sup></li></ul></li>
<li>?Gattung <i>Lateronema</i> <small><span class="Person h-card"><a href="Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a></span> 2015</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <i>L. antarctica</i> gilt beim NCBI weiter als <i>T. antarcticum</i> der Gattung <i>Telonema</i> zugehörig
<ul><li>Spezies <i>Lateronema antarctica</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">(Thomsen 2005) <a href="Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a></span> 2015</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [<i>Telonema antarcticum</i> <span class="Person h-card">Thomsen 2005</span>]<sup id="cite_ref-Klaveness2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaveness2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li>Gattung <i>Microkorses</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Zlatogursky</span> 2025</small><sup id="cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<ul><li>Spezies <i>Microkorses curacao</i> <span class="Person h-card">Zlatogursky</span> 2025<sup id="cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li>Gattung <i><b>Telonema</b></i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Griessmann</span> 1913</small><sup>(N)</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grießmann1913-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Typusgattung" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusgattung">Typusgattung</a>)
<ul><li>Spezies <i>Telonema antarcticum</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Thomsen</span>, 200</small>5<sup>(N)</sup> – nach <a href="Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a> (2015) als <i>L. antarctica</i> ausgegliedert zur eigenen Gattung <i>Lateronema</i></li>
<li>Spezies <i>Telonema blandense</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Mostazo-Zapata, Gàlvez-Morante & Richter</span> 2025</small><sup id="cite_ref-Mostazo2025_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mostazo2025-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[<i>Telonema</i> sp. b DR-2025<sup>(N)</sup>]</span></li>
<li>Spezies <i>Telonema papanine</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Zagumyonnyi & Tikhonenkov</span> 2022</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[<i>Telonema</i> sp. DVTikhonenkov-2022e<sup>(N)</sup>]</span>f</li>
<li>Spezies <i>Telonema rivulare</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Prokina & Tikhonenkov</span> 2022</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[<i>Telonema</i> sp. DVTikhonenko-2022d<sup>(N)</sup>]</span></li>
<li>Spezies <i><b>Telonema subtile</b></i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Griessmann</span> 1913</small><sup id="cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grießmann1913-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[<i>Telonema subtilis</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Griessmann</span> 1913</small><sup>(N)</sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grießmann1913-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i>Imantonia</i> sp. RCC404<sup>(N)</sup>]</span> (<a href="Typusart" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusart">Typusart</a>)</li>
<li>Spezies <i>Telonema tenere</i> <small><span class="Person h-card">Belyaev, Borodina & Tikhonenkov</span> 2022</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>(N)</sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap">[<i>Telonema</i> sp. DVTikhonenko-2022c<sup>(N)</sup>]</span></li>
<li>Spezies <i>Telonema</i> sp. RCC535<sup>(N)</sup></li>
<li>Spezies <i>Telonema</i> sp. YPF702<sup>(N)</sup></li>
<li>… (nicht-kultivierte <i>Telonema</i>-Mitglieder)<sup>(N)</sup></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr>
<dl><dd>(N) – Taxonomie des <span lang="en"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a></span> (NCBI)<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_und_Phylogenie">Evolution und Phylogenie</h2></div>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-basis rahmenfarbe1" style="border-style: solid; clear: right; float: right; margin-left: 1.4em; vertical-align: middle; width:310px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 3px; line-height:100%;">
<p>Die von Marek Valt, Ivan Čepička <i>et al.</i> im November 2025 vorgeschlagene Phylogenie lautet wie folgt:<sup id="cite_ref-Valt2025_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valt2025-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a><sup><sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;font-size:95%;line-height:95%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> Opimoda<sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p>Malawimonadida
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p>Ancyromonadida
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r257636185">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output .tptable{border-collapse:collapse;font-size:90%;margin:1em 0;max-width:100%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .tptblxl{border-collapse:collapse;font-size:90%;margin:1em 0;max-width:100%;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .tpheader{border:1px solid #999999}.mw-parser-output .tpcaptiont{text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .tpcaptionm{text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .tpcaptionb{text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:bottom}.mw-parser-output .tpseed{border:1px solid #999999;background-color:#6C7A93;color:#FFFFFF;height:20px}.mw-parser-output .tpteam{border:1px solid #999999;padding:0 0.5em;text-align:left;height:20px}.mw-parser-output .tpscore{border:1px solid #999999;height:20px}.mw-parser-output .tpgold{background:gold}.mw-parser-output .tpsilver{background:silver}.mw-parser-output .tpbronze{background:#CC9966}.mw-parser-output .tpgroup{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tpeditonly{font-size:1px;color:transparent;width:3px}.mw-parser-output .tp0000{border-style:solid;border-width:0 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .tp0002{border-style:solid;border-width:0 0 0 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp0020{border-style:solid;border-width:0 0 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .tp0022{border-style:solid;border-width:0 0 2px 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp0200{border-style:solid;border-width:0 2px 0 0}.mw-parser-output .tp0202{border-style:solid;border-width:0 2px 0 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp0220{border-style:solid;border-width:0 2px 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .tp0222{border-style:solid;border-width:0 2px 2px 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp2000{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .tp2002{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 0 0 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp2020{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 0 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .tp2022{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 0 2px 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp2200{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 2px 0 0}.mw-parser-output .tp2202{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 2px 0 2px}.mw-parser-output .tp2220{border-style:solid;border-width:2px 2px 2px 0}.mw-parser-output .tpbb{border-bottom:2px solid #777777}.mw-parser-output .tptt{border-top:2px solid #777777}.mw-parser-output .tpbox{border-collapse:collapse;font-size:90%;margin:0;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:120%}.mw-parser-output .tpeditonly{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tpoption{background:#ff9900;margin:0;padding:1px;font-style:italic}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tpseed{border:1px solid #DDDDDD;background:#B6BCC9;color:#000000;height:20px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tptable td{border-color:#DDDDDD}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tpbb{border-bottom:2px solid #DDDDDD}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tptt{border-top:2px solid #DDDDDD}}
/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> Podiata<sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Obazoa" title="Obazoa">Obazoa</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> Diphoda<sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p>Discoba
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p>Metamonada
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a><sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> CAM<sup id="cite_ref-Yazaki2022_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yazaki2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> Pancryptista<sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p>Cryptista
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><i>Microheliella</i>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="HTSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTSAR">HTSAR</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobala2024-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p>Haptista
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><b>Telonemia</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Sar_(Eukaryoten)" title="Sar (Eukaryoten)">SAR</a><sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopile</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Disparia" title="Disparia">Disparia</a> <small>[Promethea<sup id="cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]</small><sup><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Nebulidia" title="Nebulidia">Nebulidia</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Nibbleridia" title="Nibbleridia">Nibbleridia</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"> <a href="Membrifera" title="Membrifera">Membrifera</a><sup><span style="visibility:hidden;">.</span></sup>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;">
<table class="klade" style="border-collapse:collapse;line-height:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;"><br>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Caelestes" title="Caelestes">Caelestes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Valt2025_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valt2025-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; vertical-align:top;"><br>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:3px;padding-left:0.5em;">
<p><a href="Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastig-<br>ophora</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br><span style="display:none;">Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style</span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><br>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 80%;text-align:left; line-height:150%;">
</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="display:none">Vorlage:Kladogramm/Wartung/Align</div>
<p>Telonemia ist eine <a href="Klade" title="Klade">Klade</a> von <a href="Protisten" title="Protisten">Protisten</a>, die sich unabhängig von anderen eukaryotischen Supergruppen als eigenes „Mikro<a href="Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie)">reich</a>“ (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">micro-kingdom</span>) verzweigt.<sup id="cite_ref-Pawlowski2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawlowski2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Frühe molekulare Analysen von Telonemia ordneten sie als unabhängigen Zweig <b>innerhalb</b> der <a href="Sar_(Eukaryoten)" title="Sar (Eukaryoten)">SAR-Supergruppe</a> ein, einer vielfältigen Klade von Eukaryoten, zu der <a href="Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a>, <a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> und <a href="Stramenopila" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopila">Stramenopila</a> gehören.<sup id="cite_ref-Reeb2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeb2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Andere Analysen schlugen eine enge Verwandtschaft mit Centrohelida [syn. Centroplasthelida], Katablepharidaceae, Cryptomonadales und <a href="Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a> vor.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde vermutet, dass sie eine evolutionäre Bedeutung als mögliche Übergangsform zwischen ökologisch wichtigen <a href="Heterotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophen</a> und <a href="Photosynthese" title="Photosynthese">photosynthetischen</a> Arten innerhalb des heute veralteten <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxons</a> <a href="Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> haben könnten.<sup id="cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shalchian2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Aktuellere phylogenetische Analysen (2019, 2022) ordnen sie als Schwestergruppe der SAR-Supergruppe in einer Klade ein, die heute allgemein als <a href="TSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TSAR">TSAR</a> bezeichnet wird und von der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft weithin akzeptiert wird.<sup id="cite_ref-Strassert2019_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strassert2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A. 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Als Schwesterklade der SAR nimmt Telonemia eine Schlüsselposition im Stammbaum des eukaryotischen Lebens ein.
Es handelt sich um morphologisch komplexe Organismen, die Merkmale verschiedener SAR-Linien vereinen.
Das Hauptmerkmal, das alle SAR-Linien verbindet, wurde in mindestens einer Gattung der Telonemia ebenfalls beschrieben: dreiteilige <a href="Mastigonema" title="Mastigonema">Mastigoneme</a> an den <a href="Flagellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellen">Flagellen</a>, typisch für Stramenopila und beschrieben etwa für die Gattung <i>Lateronema</i>; <a href="Alveolata#Merkmale" title="Alveolata">kortikale Alveolen</a> (<a href="Vakuolen" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakuolen">Vakuolen</a> unterhalb der Plasmamembran), typisch für <a href="Alveolata" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> und beschrieben z. B. für die Gattung <i>Lateronema</i>; und feine <a href="Pseudopodien" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopodien">Pseudopodien</a> (Filopodien), typisch für <a href="Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a>. Darüber hinaus weist die Telenomia-Gattung <i>Arpakorses</i> eine Struktur der Kinetiden<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auf, die der bei Rhizaria ähnelt, und <i>Telonema subtile</i> besitzt <a href="Mikrotubuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrotubuli">Mikrotubuli</a> in einer Formation, die oberflächlich dem <a href="Apicomplexa#Merkmale" title="Apicomplexa">apikalen Komplex</a> der <a href="Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a> ähnelt.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Alle Telonemiaden-Gattungen besitzen ein hochkomplexes, mehrschichtiges <a href="Zytoskelett" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytoskelett">Zytoskelett</a>, dessen Komplexität bei keinem anderen Eukaryoten zu finden ist. Diese Erkenntnis könnte darauf hindeuten, dass Telonemiden eine ursprüngliche Zytoskelettorganisation beibehalten haben, die bei anderen Eukaryoten verloren gegangen ist.<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bildergalerien">Bildergalerien</h2></div>
<p>Für weitere Detailinformationen zu den Bildern bitte auf diese klicken/tippen:
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilder:_Telonema">Bilder: <i>Telonema</i></h3></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 450.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 448.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Differentialinterferenzkontrast" title="Differentialinterferenzkontrast">Differentialinterferenzkontrast</a>-Aufnahmen:<br><b>e,f</b>: <i>T. apanine</i>, <b>g,h</b>: <i>T. tenere</i>, <b>i–l</b>: <i>T. rivulare</i>.<br>Balken je 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A. 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 670.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 668.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Rasterelektronenmikroskop" title="Rasterelektronenmikroskop">REM</a>-Aufnahmen von <i>T. papanine</i>. Balken: i,j: 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>, k,l: 1 µm. Abk.: cm: Cytostom.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 352px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 350px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Rasterelektronenmikroskop" title="Rasterelektronenmikroskop">REM</a>-Aufnahmen von <i>T. tenere</i>. Balken je 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop">EM</a>-Aufnahmen der dreigeteilten tubularen (röhrenförmige) Ziliienhare (Mastigoneme) von <i>Lateronema</i> sp. [<i>Telonema antarcticum</i>]</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 280.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop">EM</a>-Aufnahme der Mastigoneme von <i>Lateronema</i> sp. [<i>Telonema antarcticum</i>], hier noch am vorderen Zilium der Zelle haftend.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both; padding-left:0em; padding-right:0" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><a href="Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop">EM</a>-Detailaufnahmen…<wbr>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><hr>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 297.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 295.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop">EM</a>-Aufnahmen von Zilienhaaren und Kortex <span style="white-space:nowrap">(P-Layer)</span> von <i>Lateronema</i> sp. [<i>Telonema antarcticum</i>]</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilder:_Arpakorses">Bilder: <i>Arpakorses</i></h3></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 706.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 704.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Differentialinterferenzkontrast" title="Differentialinterferenzkontrast">Differentialinterferenzkontrast</a>-Aufnahmen: <b>a,b</b>: <i>A. versatilis</i>, <b>b,c</b>: <i>A. idiomastiga</i>; <b>a,c</b>: typische Zellen, <b>b,d</b>: Zellteilung.<br>Balken je 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 1124.6666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 1122.6666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Rasterelektronenmikroskop" title="Rasterelektronenmikroskop">REM</a>-Aufnahmen von <i>A. versatilis</i>.<br>Balken: a,b: 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>; c,d: 1 µm.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A. 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 810px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 808px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Rasterelektronenmikroskop" title="Rasterelektronenmikroskop">REM</a>-Aufnahmen von <i>A. idiomastiga</i>.<br>Balken: e,f: 5 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>, g: 1 µm. Abk.: p: Protrusion.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both; padding-left:0em; padding-right:0" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><a href="Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop">EM</a>-Detailaufnahmen…<wbr>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content"><hr>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Allg. Zellorgansation von <i>A. versatilis</i> (a,b,d,e) & <i>A. idiomastiga</i> (c,f). Balken: (a) 1 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>, (b) 400 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>, (c–f) 200 nm.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 412.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 410.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Ultrastrukturelle Organisation von <i>A. versatilis</i> (a–c) & (d) <i>A. idiomastiga</i> (d).<br>Balken: (a,b) 1 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>; (c) 400 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>; (d) 200 nm.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Struktur des Gürtelbereichs und des Diaphragmas von <i>A. idiomastiga</i> (a–c) & <i>A. versatilis</i> (d–f). Balken: (a,b,d) 1 <a href="%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">µm</a>; (c) 500 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>; (e,f) 250 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A. 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Kinetidstruktur von <i>A. versatilis</i>.<br>Balken: 200 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 350.66666666667px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 348.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Kinetidstruktur und Ursprung des Gürtels von <i>A. versatilis</i>.<br>Balken: 200 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>.</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkungen">Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="A.">
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Einige neuere Studien kommen abweichend zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Telonemiden innerhalb von Haptista verzweigt oder mit Haptista verwandt sind (<a href="HTSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTSAR">HTSAR</a>), aber ohne eine eigene TSAR-Klade zu bilden; allerdings mit nur mäßiger Unterstützung.<sup id="cite_ref-Yazaki2022_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yazaki2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torruella2024_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torruella2024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2025_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2025-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abkürzungen: c.v.: <a href="Kontraktile_Vakuole" title="Kontraktile Vakuole">kontraktile Vakuole</a>, f: <a href="Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a>, g.v.: <a href="Nahrungsvakuole" title="Nahrungsvakuole">Nahrungsvakuole</a>, gr: <a href="Granula" title="Granula">Granula</a>, p: Grube, ps: <a href="Pseudopodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudopodium">Pseudopodium</a>, rs: <a href="R%C3%BCssel" title="Rüssel">Rostrum</a> („Rüssel“)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abkürzungen: ac: Acronem, cm: Cytostom; f: Flagellum; ma: Mastigonema; p: Protrusion; p1,p2,p3: Teil 1,2,3 der Mastigonema.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">In allen Abbildungen ist die Zelle mit dem vorderen Ende nach oben ausgerichtet.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Shalchian2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shalchian2006_1-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Wenche Eikrem, Dag Klaveness, D Vaulot, Marianne Aastebøl Minge
Florence Le Gall, K. Romari, J. Throndsen, A. Botnen, Ramon Massana, Helge A. Thomsen, Kjetill S. Jakobsen: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</cite>. 273. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1595</span>, 28. April 2006, <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6994748">6994748</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1833–1842</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3515">10.1098/rspb.2006.3515</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16790418?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16790418</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634789/">PMC 1634789</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Telonemia%2C+a+new+protist+phylum+with+affinity+to+chromist+lineages&rft.au=Kamran+Shalchian-Tabrizi%2C+Wenche+Eikrem%2C+Dag+Klaveness%2C+...&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft.doi=10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3515&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1595&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.pages=1833-1842&rft.pmc=1634789&rft.pmid=16790418&rft.volume=273.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Vogt2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Vogt2012_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Yngve Vogt; Alan Louis Belardinelli (Übers.); Ola Sæther. (Foto): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apollon.uio.no/english/articles/2006/telonemia-english.html">Found Unknown Group of Oceanic Life Forms</a>. Auf: Apollon, <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Oslo" title="Universität Oslo">Universität Oslo</a> Research News. 1. Februar 2012, aktualisiert am 9. November 2025 (englisch).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tikhonenkov2022-03-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-5">f</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-6">g</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-7">h</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-8">i</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-9">j</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-10">k</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-11">l</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-12">m</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-13">n</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-14">o</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonenkov2022-03_3-15">p</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Mahwash Jamy, Anastasia S. Borodina, Artem O. Belyaev, Dmitry G. Zagumyonnyi, Kristina I. Prokina, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Fabien Burki, Sergey A. Karpov: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Open Biology</cite>. 12. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>. The Royal Society, März 2022, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%222046-2441%22&key=cql">2046-2441</a></span>, <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359291179">359291179</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>210325</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.210325">10.1098/rsob.210325</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35291881?dopt=Abstract">PMID 35291881</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924772/">PMC 8924772</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+TSAR%3A+morphology%2C+diversity+and+phylogeny+of+Telonemia&rft.au=Denis+V.+Tikhonenkov%2C+Mahwash+Jamy%2C+Anastasia+S.+Borodina%2C+...&rft.date=2022-03&rft.doi=10.1098%2Frsob.210325&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=2046-2441&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Open+Biology&rft.pages=210325&rft.pmc=8924772&rft.pmid=35291881&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society&rft.volume=12.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bråte2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bråte2010_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Jon Bråte, Dag Klaveness, Tellef Rygh, Kjetill S Jakobsen, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Telonemia-specific environmental 18S rDNA PCR reveals unknown diversity and multiple marine-freshwater colonizations</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">BMC Microbiology</cite>. 10. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 9. Juni 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>168</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-168">10.1186/1471-2180-10-168</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534135?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20534135</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2891722/">PMC 2891722</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Telonemia-specific+environmental+18S+rDNA+PCR+reveals+unknown+diversity+and+multiple+marine-freshwater+colonizations&rft.au=Jon+Br%C3%A5te%2C+Dag+Klaveness%2C+Tellef+Rygh%2C+...&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft.doi=10.1186%2F1471-2180-10-168&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=BMC+Microbiology&rft.pages=168&rft.pmc=2891722&rft.pmid=20534135&rft.volume=10.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lefèvre2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lefèvre2008_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Emilie Lefèvre, Balbine Roussel, Christian Amblard, Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Bas Ibelings: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Molecular Diversity of Freshwater Picoeukaryotes Reveals High Occurrence of Putative Parasitoids in the Plankton</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></cite>. 3. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 11. Juni 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>e2324</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002324">10.1371/journal.pone.0002324</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18545660?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18545660</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2396521/">PMC 2396521</a> (freier Volltext), <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.2324L">2008PLoSO...3.2324L</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=The+Molecular+Diversity+of+Freshwater+Picoeukaryotes+Reveals+High+Occurrence+of+Putative+Parasitoids+in+the+Plankton&rft.au=Emilie+Lef%C3%A8vre%2C+Balbine+Roussel%2C+Christian+Amblard%2C+...&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft.doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002324&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.pages=e2324&rft.pmc=2396521&rft.pmid=18545660&rft.volume=3.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Thaler2025-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thaler2025_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Mary Thaler, Connie Lovejoy: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Biogeography of Heterotrophic Flagellate Populations Indicates the Presence of Generalist and Specialist Taxa in the Arctic Ocean</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</cite>. 81. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 25. Februar 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2137–2148</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02737-14">10.1128/AEM.02737-14</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25595764?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25595764</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345384/">PMC 4345384</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Biogeography+of+Heterotrophic+Flagellate+Populations+Indicates+the+Presence+of+Generalist+and+Specialist+Taxa+in+the+Arctic+Ocean&rft.au=Mary+Thaler%2C+Connie+Lovejoy&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft.doi=10.1128%2FAEM.02737-14&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.pages=2137-2148&rft.pmc=4345384&rft.pmid=25595764&rft.volume=81.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd125932278.html?language=de">Griessmann, Karl</a>. Deutsche Biographie.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Grießmann1913-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grießmann1913_8-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Karl Grießmann: <i>Über marine Flagellaten.</i> Dissertation an der <a href="Ruprecht-Karls-Universit%C3%A4t_Heidelberg" title="Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg">Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg</a>. In: <i>Archiv f. Protistenkunde</i>, Band 32, 78 Seiten, 24 Textfiguren, Fischer, Jena, 11. November 1913; <a href="OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/oclc/638176877">638176877</a>, <a href="AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algaebase.org/search/bibliography/detail/?biblio_id=24206">24206</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://img.algaebase.org/pdf/AC1F285F07fd13948DOjE61090E5/24206.pdf">PDF</a> (algaebase.org), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books/about/%C3%9Cber_marine_Flagellaten.html?id=rXQUAQAAIAAJ">Google Books</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cavalier1993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier1993_9-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Protozoan Phylum Opalozoa</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</cite>. 40. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, September 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>609–615</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=The+Protozoan+Phylum+Opalozoa&rft.au=Thomas+Cavalier-Smith&rft.date=1993-09&rft.doi=10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.pages=609-615&rft.volume=40.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Muñoz2019-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Muñoz2019_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Sergio A. Muñoz-Gómez, Keira Durnin, Laura Eme, Christopher Paight, Christopher E. Lane, Mary B. Saffo, Claudio H. Slamovits: <i></i>Nephromyces<i> Represents a Diverse and Novel Lineage of the Apicomplexa That Has Retained Apicoplasts.</i> In: <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>, Band 11, Nr. 10, Oktober 2019, S. 2727–2740; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe%2Fevz155">10.1093/gbe/evz155</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6777426/">PMC 6777426</a> (freier Volltext), <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31328784?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31328784</a> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Klaveness2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klaveness2005_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Klaveness2005_11-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Dag Klaveness, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Helge Abildhauge Thomsen, Wenche Eikrem, Kjetill S. Jakobsen: <i></i>Telonema antarcticum<i> sp. nov., a common marine phagotrophic flagellate.</i> In: <i>International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</i>, Band 55, The Microbiology Society, 2005, S. 2595–2604; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63652-0">10.1099/ijs.0.63652-0</a></span> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schön2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schön2021_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Max E. Schön, Vasily V. Zlatogursky, Rohan P. Singh, Camille Poirier, Susanne Wilken, Varsha Mathur, Jürgen F. H. Strassert, Jarone Pinhassi, Alexandra Z. Worden, Patrick J. Keeling, <a href="Thijs_J._G._Ettema" title="Thijs J. G. Ettema">Thijs J. G. Ettema</a>, Jeremy G. Wideman, Fabien Burki: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Single cell genomics reveals plastid-lacking Picozoa are close relatives of red algae</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> Communications</cite>. 12. Jahrgang, 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6651</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0">10.1038/s41467-021-26918-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34789758?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34789758</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8599508/">PMC 8599508</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Single+cell+genomics+reveals+plastid-lacking+Picozoa+are+close+relatives+of+red+algae&rft.au=Max+E.+Sch%C3%B6n%2C+Vasily+V.+Zlatogursky%2C+Rohan+P.+Singh%2C+...&rft.btitle=Nature+Communications&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-26918-0&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=6651&rft.pmc=8599508&rft.pmid=34789758&rft.volume=12.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Yazaki2022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yazaki2022_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yazaki2022_13-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Yazaki2022_13-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Euki Yazaki, Akinori Yabuki, Ayaka Imaizumi, Keitaro Kume, Tetsuo Hashimoto, Yuji Inagaki: <i>The closest lineage of Archaeplastida is revealed by phylogenomics analyses that include </i>Microheliella maris. In: <i>Open Biology</i>, Band 12, 13. April 2022, S. 210376, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.210376">10.1098/rsob.210376</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9006020/">PMC 9006020</a> (freier Volltext), <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35414259?dopt=Abstract">PMID 35414259</a> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cavalier2015-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier2015_14-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>, Ema E. Chao, Rhodri Lewis: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</cite>. 93. Jahrgang, Dezember 2015, <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280630580">280630580</a>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>331–362</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004">10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26234272?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26234272</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Multiple+origins+of+Heliozoa+from+flagellate+ancestors%3A+New+cryptist+subphylum+Corbihelia%2C+superclass+Corbistoma%2C+and+monophyly+of+Haptista%2C+Cryptista%2C+Hacrobia+and+Chromista&rft.au=Thomas+Cavalier-Smith%2C+Ema+E.+Chao%2C+Rhodri+Lewis&rft.btitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.date=2015-12&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2015.07.004&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=331-362&rft.pmid=26234272&rft.volume=93.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_15-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_15-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Taxonomy Browser: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=tree&id=660925&lvl=5">Telonemia</a>, Details: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=node&id=660925">Telonemia</a> Shalchian-Tabrizi, 2006. Rank: phylum. Graphisch: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifemap.cnrs.fr/tree?efficiency-mode=true&tool=search&tid=660925">Telonemia</a>, auf <a href="Lifemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifemap">Lifemap</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NCBI_Telonema-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_Telonema_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a> Taxonomy Browser: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=tree&id=232264&lvl=3">Telonema</a>, Details: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=node&id=232264"><i>Telonema</i></a> Griessmann, 1913. Rank: genus. Graphisch: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifemap.cnrs.fr/tree?efficiency-mode=true&tool=search&tid=232264"><i>Telonema</i></a>, auf <a href="Lifemap" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifemap">Lifemap</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Strassert2019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Strassert2019_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Strassert2019_17-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Strassert2019_17-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Jürgen F. H. Strassert, Mahwash Jamy, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Fabien Burki: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Molecular Biology and Evolution</cite>. 36. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, April 2019, Epub: 22. Januar 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>757–765</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev%2Fmsz012">10.1093/molbev/msz012</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668767?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30668767</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6844682/">PMC 6844682</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=New+Phylogenomic+Analysis+of+the+Enigmatic+Phylum+Telonemia+Further+Resolves+the+Eukaryote+Tree+of+Life&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+F.+H.+Strassert%2C+Mahwash+Jamy%2C+Alexander+P.+Mylnikov%2C+...&rft.date=2019-04&rft.doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.pages=757-765&rft.pmc=6844682&rft.pmid=30668767&rft.volume=36.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cavalier2022-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier2022_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
<a href="Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Protoplasma</cite>. 259. Jahrgang, 23. Dezember 2022, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>487–593</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7">10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34940909?dopt=Abstract">PMID 34940909</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9010356/">PMC 9010356</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Ciliary+transition+zone+evolution+and+the+root+of+the+eukaryote+tree%3A+implications+for+opisthokont+origin+and+classification+of+kingdoms+Protozoa%2C+Plantae%2C+and+Fungi&rft.au=Thomas+Cavalier-Smith&rft.btitle=Protoplasma&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs00709-021-01665-7&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=487-593&rft.pmc=9010356&rft.pmid=34940909&rft.volume=259.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sobala2024-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sobala2024_19-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Łukasz F. Sobala: <i>LukProt: A Database of Eukaryotic Predicted Proteins Designed for Investigations of Animal Origins.</i> In: <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i>, Band 16, Nr. 11, November 2024, S. evae231; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe%2Fevae231">10.1093/gbe/evae231</a></span>, ePub: 21. Oktober 2024 (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>). Siehe insbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/gbe/16/11/10.1093_gbe_evae231/8/evae231f1.jpeg">Fig. 1</a>: Kladogramm.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Valt2025-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Valt2025_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Valt2025_20-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Valt2025_20-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Valt2025_20-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Valt2025_20-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Marek Valt, Tomáš Pánek, Seda Mirzoyan, Alexander K. Tice, Robert E. Jones, Vít Dohnálek, Pavel Doležal, Jiří Mikšátko, Johana Rotterová, Pavla Hrubá, Matthew W. Brown, Ivan Čepička: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Rare microbial relict sheds light on an ancient eukaryotic supergroup</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></cite>. 19. November 2025, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220028-0836%22&key=cql">0028-0836</a></span>, <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/397765357">397765357</a>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09750-0">10.1038/s41586-025-09750-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41261123?dopt=Abstract">PMID 41261123</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Rare+microbial+relict+sheds+light+on+an+ancient+eukaryotic+supergroup&rft.au=Marek+Valt%2C+Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1+P%C3%A1nek%2C+Seda+Mirzoyan%2C+...&rft.date=2025-11-19&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09750-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pmid=41261123" style="display:none"> </span> Dazu:
<ul><li>Vladimír Krylov: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natur.cuni.cz/en/news/9383-discovery-of-a-rare-protist-reveals-a-previously-unknown-branch-of-the-eukaryotic-tree-of-life">Discovery of a rare protist reveals a previously unknown branch of the eukaryotic tree of life</a>. <a href="Karls-Universit%C3%A4t" title="Karls-Universität">Karls-Universität</a>, Prag, 19. November 2025.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Eglit2024-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eglit2024_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Yana Eglit, Takashi Shiratori, Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist, Kelsey Williamson, Andrew J. Roger, Ken-Ichiro Ishida, Alastair G. B. Simpson: <i></i>Meteora sporadica<i>, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora.</i> In: <i>Current Biology</i>, Band 34, Nr. 2, 22. Januar 2024; S. 451–459.e6; <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032">10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38262350?dopt=Abstract">PMID 38262350</a>, <a href="ResearchGate" class="mw-redirect" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373150257">373150257</a> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zlatogursky2025-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-4">e</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zlatogursky2025_22-5">f</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Vasily Zlatogursky, Vittorio Boscaro, Gordon Lax, Matias Wanntorp, Nina Pohl, Fabien Burki, Patrick J. Keeling: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Phylogenetic position and mitochondrial genome evolution of “orphan” eukaryotic lineages</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">iScience</cite>. 28. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 2025, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>113184</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113184">10.1016/j.isci.2025.113184</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40948565?dopt=Abstract">PMID 40948565</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12432456/">PMC 12432456</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+position+and+mitochondrial+genome+evolution+of+%E2%80%9Corphan%E2%80%9D+eukaryotic+lineages&rft.au=Vasily+Zlatogursky%2C+Vittorio+Boscaro%2C+Gordon+Lax%2C+...&rft.date=2025-08&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.isci.2025.113184&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=iScience&rft.pages=113184&rft.pmc=12432456&rft.pmid=40948565&rft.volume=28.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shalchian2007-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shalchian2007_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Håvard Kauserud, Ramon Massana, Dag Klaveness, Kjetill S. Jakobsen: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Analysis of Environmental 18S Ribosomal RNA Sequences reveals Unknown Diversity of the Cosmopolitan Phylum Telonemia</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Protist</cite>. 158. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 18. April 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>173–180</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2006.10.003">10.1016/j.protis.2006.10.003</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196879?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17196879</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Environmental+18S+Ribosomal+RNA+Sequences+reveals+Unknown+Diversity+of+the+Cosmopolitan+Phylum+Telonemia&rft.au=Kamran+Shalchian-Tabrizi%2C+H%C3%A5vard+Kauserud%2C+Ramon+Massana%2C+...&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.protis.2006.10.003&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Protist&rft.pages=173-180&rft.pmid=17196879&rft.volume=158.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mostazo2025-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mostazo2025_24-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mostazo2025_24-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mostazo2025_24-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">
Helena Mostazo‐Zapata, Alex Gàlvez‐Morante, Cédric Berney, Xènia Maya‐Figuerola, Cristiana Sigona, David López‐Escardó, Elisabet L. Sà, Dolors Vaqué, Daniel J. Richter: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Description of a New Telonemia Genus and Species With Novel Observations Providing Insights Into Its Hidden Diversity</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</cite>. 72. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6</span>, 23. Oktober 2025, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221066-5234%22&key=cql">1066-5234</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>e70050</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.70050">10.1111/jeu.70050</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41131848?dopt=Abstract">PMID 41131848</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12550356/">PMC 12550356</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Description+of+a+New+Telonemia+Genus+and+Species+With+Novel+Observations+Providing+Insights+Into+Its+Hidden+Diversity&rft.au=Helena+Mostazo%E2%80%90Zapata%2C+Alex+G%C3%A0lvez%E2%80%90Morante%2C+C%C3%A9dric+Berney%2C+...&rft.date=2025-10-23&rft.doi=10.1111%2Fjeu.70050&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1066-5234&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.pages=e70050&rft.pmc=12550356&rft.pmid=41131848&rft.volume=72.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Pawlowski2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowski2013_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Jan Pawlowsk: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The new micro-kingdoms of eukaryotes</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">BMC Biology</cite>. 11. Jahrgang, 15. April 2013, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-40">10.1186/1741-7007-11-40</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23587248?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23587248</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626909/">PMC 3626909</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=The+new+micro-kingdoms+of+eukaryotes&rft.au=Jan+Pawlowsk&rft.btitle=BMC+Biology&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.doi=10.1186%2F1741-7007-11-40&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=40&rft.pmc=3626909&rft.pmid=23587248&rft.volume=11.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Reeb2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reeb2009_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Valérie C. Reeb, Michael T. Peglar, Hwan Su Yoon, Jennifer Ruoyu Bai, Min Wu, Philip Shiu, Jessie L. Grafenberg, Adrian Reyes-Prieto, Susanne E. Rümmele, Jeferson Gross, D. Bhattacharya: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Interrelationships of chromalveolates within a broadly sampled tree of photosynthetic protists</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</cite>. 53. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Oktober 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>202–211</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012">10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19398025?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19398025</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Interrelationships+of+chromalveolates+within+a+broadly+sampled+tree+of+photosynthetic+protists&rft.au=Val%C3%A9rie+C.+Reeb%2C+Michael+T.+Peglar%2C+Hwan+Su+Yoon%2C+...&rft.date=2009-10&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2009.04.012&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.pages=202-211&rft.pmid=19398025&rft.volume=53.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Burki2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burki2009_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Fabien Burki, Yuji Inagaki, Jon Bråte, John M. Archibald, Patrick J. Keeling, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Miako Sakaguchi, Tetsuo Hashimoto, Ales Horak, Surendra Kumar, Dag Klaveness, Kjetill S. Jakobsen, Jan Pawlowski, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal That Two Enigmatic Protist Lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, Are Related to Photosynthetic Chromalveolates</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Genome Biology and Evolution</cite>. 1. Jahrgang, 27. Juli 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>231–238</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe%2Fevp022">10.1093/gbe/evp022</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20333193?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20333193</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817417/">PMC 2817417</a> (freier Volltext) – (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Large-Scale+Phylogenomic+Analyses+Reveal+That+Two+Enigmatic+Protist+Lineages%2C+Telonemia+and+Centroheliozoa%2C+Are+Related+to+Photosynthetic+Chromalveolates&rft.au=Fabien+Burki%2C+Yuji+Inagaki%2C+Jon+Br%C3%A5te%2C+...&rft.btitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft.doi=10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevp022&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=231-238&rft.pmc=2817417&rft.pmid=20333193&rft.volume=1.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Burki2020-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burki2020_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Fabien Burki, Andrew J. Roger, Matthew W. Brown, Alastair G. B. Simpso: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The New Tree of Eukaryotes</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Trends in Ecology & Evolution</cite>. 35. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 2020, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43–55</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008">10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=The+New+Tree+of+Eukaryotes&rft.au=Fabien+Burki%2C+Andrew+J.+Roger%2C+Matthew+W.+Brown%2C+...&rft.date=2020-01&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.tree.2019.08.008&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.pages=43-55&rft.volume=35.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Burki2021-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burki2021_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Fabien Burki1, Miguel M. Sandin, Mahwash Jamy: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Diversity and ecology of protists revealed by metabarcoding</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Current Biology</cite>. 31. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>19</span>, 11. Oktober 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>R1267–R1280</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.066">10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.066</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+ecology+of+protists+revealed+by+metabarcoding&rft.au=Fabien+Burki1%2C+Miguel+M.+Sandin%2C+Mahwash+Jamy&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.07.066&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.pages=R1267-R1280&rft.volume=31.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Torruella2024-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Torruella2024_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Guifré Torruella, Luis Javier Galindo, David Moreira, Purificación López-García: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Phylogenomics of neglected flagellated protists supports a revised eukaryotic tree of life</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Current Biology</cite>. 6. Januar 2024, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>198–207.E4</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.075">10.1016/j.cub.2024.10.075</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+of+neglected+flagellated+protists+supports+a+revised+eukaryotic+tree+of+life&rft.au=Guifr%C3%A9+Torruella%2C+Luis+Javier+Galindo%2C+David+Moreira%2C+...&rft.btitle=Current+Biology&rft.date=2024-01-06&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.10.075&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=198-207.E4" style="display:none"> </span> Dazu:
<ul><li><a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.05.15.594285">10.1101/2024.05.15.594285</a></span> Auf: <a href="BioRxiv" title="BioRxiv">bioRχiv</a> (Preprint).</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Williamson2025-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Williamson2025_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Kelsey Williamson, Laura Eme, Hector Baños, Charley G. P. McCarthy, Edward Susko, Ryoma Kamikawa, Russell J. S. Orr, Sergio A. Muñoz-Gómez, Bui Quang Minh, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Andrew J. Roger: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">A robustly rooted tree of eukaryotes reveals their excavate ancestry</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></cite>. 640. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8060</span>, 24. April 2025, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>974–981</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08709-5">10.1038/s41586-025-08709-5</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Telonemia&rft.atitle=A+robustly+rooted+tree+of+eukaryotes+reveals+their+excavate+ancestry&rft.au=Kelsey+Williamson%2C+Laura+Eme%2C+Hector+Ba%C3%B1os%2C+...&rft.date=2025-04-24&rft.doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-025-08709-5&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8060&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=974-981&rft.volume=640.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:kinetid" class="extiw external" title="wikt:en:kinetid">Wiktionary: kinetid</a> (<a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a>).</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-12-20" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Telonemia&oldid=262578169">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>